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…and Bad News on Belo Monte

Not unexpectedly, but still disappointingly, the President of the Supreme Court, Carlos Ayres Britto, has suspended the injunction which halted work on the dam.

In a move which represents a total capitulation of the Supreme Court to the wishes of the Executive he refused to comment on the legal aspects, but nonetheless suspended the injunction until the case reaches a full Supreme Court hearing.

How is this a total capitulation? According to Norte Energia, the company building the dam, the government has already spent the major part of R$5 billion through the largely nationally-owned companies which form the core of Norte Energia, and it is incurring further costs daily. Immense damage has already been done in terms of the destruction of the physical, social, cultural and food security of the indigenous tribes affected. The environment suffers more with each day that work progresses. We are at, or very close to, the point where the damage done is irreversible, and the investment so huge that no judgement from any court could stop the Leviathan’s progress.

No date has been set for a hearing in the Supreme Court. The case is unlikely to reach the Court for months or even years, by which time the dam will be more or less built, the destruction will have already have been done, the indigenous cultures will have been wiped out, and therefore the case will be no more than academic.

Ayres Britto seems to be blind to the fact that the government has succeeded in bypassing the country’s constitution and huge swathes of its environmental and human rights legislation. Because of the enormity of the project, judging that a fait accompli was carried out illegally can do nothing to reverse the damage done. The Supreme Court will have no sanction available; at worst the government may receive a slap on the wrist, which it will simply shrug off on its march towards the next illegal mega-project on the next river.

It is sad to see Brazil’s young democracy suffer such degradation. Without a proper balance between the Three Powers – which are so iconically at the heart of Brasilia, where the Executive, the Judiciary and Congress all sit on the Square of the Three Powers – Brazil is reverting to a dictatorship, with a Judiciary cowed into submission by an all-powerful Executive, which in turn is endorsed by a supine and submissive Congress, influenced and financed by corporate interests.

We watched through the 1980s as Brazil left the years of dictatorship behind. We were in awe as the country swept into a new age of enlightenment, enacting progressive laws to protect the rights of its citizens, whether rich or poor, black or white, immigrant or indigenous. The adoption of the 1988 Constitution was a high point, and the hosting of the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit was a triumph. Brazil was seen throughout the world as a bright star, a shining example of how a young democracy could vigorously defend what was good and humanitarian.

How sad to see such promise dashed. Mired in wave after wave of corruption at the highest level – ironically the Supreme Court cannot judge the Belo Monte case because it is embroiled in the Mensalão case, which is about corruption in the highest ranks of the government – Brazil’s burgeoning wealthy elite are following the worst example of their gurus in the developed world and enriching themselves with no thought for those who are paying the price for their riches.

The government is enthusiastically endorsing policies and legislation which has no other intention but to take away the safeguards built so painstakingly into the fabric of the modern Brazilian state. First, the courageous and far-reaching (if poorly enforeced) Forest Code was watered down, paving the way to rising deforestation and increased conflict over land tenure. Now there is a project to change the constitution (known as PEC 215) which will transfer responsibility for demarcation of indigenous territories from FUNAI to the National Congress, where each and every proposal will be bogged down for years unless it is simply dismissed at the outset. There is the crazy AGU 303 decree referred to in another article here. And there are the multiple mega projects planned for the Amazon which will result in no more nor less than cultural genocide.

President Dilma Rousseff appears disinterested in anything which might impede her developmentalist agenda for the Amazon. She seems to look upon anyone and anything which is not part of the rich, new world of Brazilian economics and business as a trifling impediment to be brushed aside, whether they be indigenous people, rural settlers, threatened species or ecosystems. She has her priorities and nothing and no-one may be permitted to stand in her way.

AGU303; An Absurd Decree

Brazil’s Indigenous communities depend on the land they occupy. Their whole way of life depends on the natural resources it provides – food, medicinal plants, building materials and the materials to make many of the everyday objects they use. But it also depends on their spiritual connection with the land, the air, the rivers, the forests and the earth, all of which have a spiritual identity as well as a material one.

The Brazilian government Attorney General’s office last month issued a decree, number 303, which effectively removed most of the rights the Indians enjoy as the original owners of Brazil and as citizens of the country, and demonstrates a clear lack of understanding of the spiritual nature of the indigenous people’s reltionship to the land they occupy.

There is no democratic mandate for them to do this, and there is no justification for the dictatorial powers the government is claiming by this instrument. It would allow them to reduce the size of indigenous territories, permit the installation of infrastructure projects – roads, hydroelectric dams, army bases, for example – without leaving the indigenous peoples any recourse to the Brazilian judicial system, and with no prior consultation, let alone any idea of obtaining ‘prior informed consent’, as required by the United Nations International Labour Organisation Convention 169 – of which Brazil is a signatory.

The Attorney General’s staff arrived at this breathtakingly absurd decree by a perverse and twisted process. They took the conditions imposed by the Supreme Court on one specific decision, on the exceptional case of the Raposa-Serra do Sol in the extreme north of Brazil, and tried to apply them indiscriminately to all indigenous territories throughout Brazil, using an explicitly anti-indigenous interpretation of each point. Those conditions were never intended to have any application other than in the very restricted circumstances of Raposa Serra do Sol. Even a cursory reading makes it very clear that to attempt to apply them more widely would be completely at odds with the thinking of the court. Yet that is exactly what this decree set out to do.

Thankfully we quickly discovered that there remain some people in authority in Brazil with some sense of balance. It was quickly accepted that the decree was flawed, and it has now been suspended until the 24th September, pending consultations. We are hopeful that it will now be quietly dropped, but we must remain aware that it could rear its ugly head again next month.

If this decree is not withdrawn completely it will make it very much harder for Tribes Alive to continue our work with the communities we support. We are passing this on to you at the specific request of two of our partner organisations, Instituto Kabu and Instituto Raoni. We’ll keep you up to date through the website and through Facebook.